Although Jingling Mausoleum of the Northern Wei Dynasty was repeatedly dug, the heavy stone robbers could not take it.

The only remaining three layers of bluestone on the back wall of the tomb.

It would be very difficult if archaeologists were forced to say a precise range of the Northern Wei Ling District. Although not counting the Hengshan North Road tomb, Luoyang’s Northern Wei Emperor Mausoleum has found four.

As we all know, the emperor of Xiaowen moved to Luoyang to implement the Hanization policy and set up many rules. At the same time as he expanded Luoyang City in the Northern Wei Dynasty, he chose the Lingshui District in Beibei Mountain in the northwest of the city to request that the Xianyuan Royal Family could only be buried in Luoyang. Relocation of the family to the north. But in the Mausoleum District, only one sentence in Wei Shu said, “it is the place where the west of the hill represents the garden of mountains”.

Daixi is west of the Weihe River and there is only one western border. This is a rather vague concept.

Fortunately, after years of exploration and accumulation, people still know the approximate scope of the Northern Wei Ling District. In the Luoshan Mountains on the northern outskirts of Luoyang, 50 to 60 North Wei tombs were discovered one after another. To the west of the river, most of the tombs bury the tombs on the east bank of the Weihe River.

This is an emphasis on azimuth. In terms of shape and size, judging from the archaeological data, the vast majority of the tombs outside the Northern Wei Dynasty were mostly 4 to 5 meters square, and the width of the tombs was mostly 1 to 1.5 meters, such as Lantern ( The sixth-generation grandson of Emperor Wu of the founding emperor of the Northern Wei Dynasty) and the Tomb of Yuanxiao (Fourth son of Emperor Xiaowen), both of whom were expensive princes. Although the burial chamber is slightly larger, it is still too small compared with the emperor's mausoleum; from the ground For comparison, the sealed soil of Yuanxiao’s tomb is only 30 meters in diameter, and his brother’s Jingling is over 100 meters in diameter.

The archaeologists also found that the tombs of ordinary royalty and ministers of the Northern Wei Dynasty were only tombs, ramps, and burial chambers. The ramparts were divided in the front and rear, and the emperor's mausoleum was divided. The former ramparts were also called the antechambers, and there were tombs in the antechambers. The equivalent of "suites", of course, by the emperor to enjoy, ministers can only live in "single room."

Obviously, no matter what era it is, in the context of stressing the order of the inferior and the inferior, the tomb of the emperor and the king's magistrate must be different. Therefore, there will be no one other than the emperor buried in the huge tomb of Hengshan North Road.

The catastrophe of the Mausoleum: The masonry bricks were all polished

It was determined that the tomb of the Hengshan North Road was an imperial-class tomb and several doubts followed.

Luoyang’s other Northern Wei Emperor Mausoleums include the Changling Mausoleum of Emperor Xiaowen, Jingling Mausoleum of Emperor Xuanwu, the Dingling Mausoleum of Xiao Ming Emperor, and the Jingling Mausoleum of Xiaozhuang Emperor. There are huge earth seals on the ground, which is also known as the grave bag, and it was designated by Emperor Xiaowen of the later generations. The head-shaped tomb bag used by Emperor Xiaowen (the Emperor Xiaowen believed that the bucket-shaped sealing soil of the imperial Mausoleum of the Han Dynasty was too large and unexpected, while the Shantou shape was closer to the natural mountain shape). In addition, there were cemeteries, Shinto (the road leading to the mausoleum), and the stone beast. remains. The Shinto and Stone Beasts of Hengshan North Road Cemetery didn’t show up first. How about the grave bag?

In September 2012, the archaeological team expanded its search area and visited the surrounding Zhangling Village. As a result, the villagers confirmed that they had never seen a grave pack here. The team took the cemetery as a center, drilled carefully within a diameter of 800 meters, and found no traces of fences or Shinto.

It is a very basic ostentation. Other emperors have it. The emperor did not. This is a very strange thing.

In addition, Jingling has repeatedly been excavated, leading to no evidence directly to prove the identity of the tomb of the unearthed, but the epitaph of some of the surrounding tombs of the nobles have repeatedly referred to the Jingling, and pointed out its position, for the determination of Jingling made great efforts. Looking back at the Hengshan North Road tomb, not only historical records, but also the epitaphs unearthed in distant lands have not been mentioned. With no relics on the ground, it can be described as the “Three Nothings” Emperor Mausoleum – is there such a low-key tomb? ?

With these questions, I took a closer look at the excavation site and excavation report, and consulted the experts several times, so a rather unexpected detail surfaced. It allows most of the above questions to be explained, or at least provides a guessing direction that is not infallible.

After the excavation of the tomb to the bottom, archaeologists discovered that the severity of the damage was extraordinary. Considering that as early as the Tang and Song dynasties, there were a total of five or six stolen holes in the late to modern times, and the burial objects were looted and can be understood, but the tombs The construction materials have also been dismantled. This is a real surprise.

Those who had visited Jingling knew that the tombs of this scale and form must be wrapped in several layers of masonry. According to the funeral customs of the Northern Dynasties, there should be a huge stone coffin in the tomb, and the two tombs should also be stony. , three or two people absolutely can not lift. However, in the Hengshan North Road Cemetery, the masonry materials found can be described as the paving of bluestone above the rubble and the grave of the tomb room, and only two debris were found; in addition, two were found in the center of the tomb. Blocks of lintel and stone structures, and the base of the bluestone behind the chamber, left only a section of debris about 1 meter high and 2.9 meters wide on the east side.

A royal emperor's tomb, the only remaining building materials only. Just a few burglars are not enough to have such a damaging power.

Moreover, the robbers came to steal the treasures. They transported the unworthy large pieces of stone sarcophagus, stone gates, and blue stone bricks to the ground. They are both easy to expose and do not sell. Why bother?

Really, these tomb robbers are really a bit embarrassed, I mean, they bought a few trips. Dr. Bin Liu, the excavator of the tomb, said that after exploration, all the burglars were formed after the tombs had collapsed and destroyed. In other words, there was an earlier person who had “got ahead”.

This group of “first-in-class” people are quite rude, the number is never less, and they are vandalism. There is quite some momentum in attacking the city. Mr. Shi Jiazhen, dean of the Luoyang Cultural Relics and Archaeological Research Institute, speculated that their behavior was “retaliation”. "Sex", and soon after the tomb was built.

Today, at the excavation site, there are still a number of pillar holes on the ground of the tomb. This is the support of the building. When it is built, it will be removed and covered with paving stones. Archaeologists did not find the paving stones. From the column hole, a disturbing soil about 15 cm thick was discovered. There were mural fragments, brick fragments, and broken pottery pieces. This became an evidence that the paving stones before the tombs had collapsed had been removed. In addition, column pits were found on both sides of the tomb to prevent collapse and piling. However, there were no traces of wood dust in the column pits, indicating that the used wood column had been removed when it was not decaying.

This led archaeologists to conclude that the tomb was to be destroyed shortly after its burial and that it was a large-scale destruction. Mr. Shi Jiazhen believed that “it can be said that the fire is stubborn, unlike what ordinary people do”.

As a result, there are no relics on the ground of the emperor's mausoleum, which may have been explained. It would have disappeared completely in this deliberate looting, and because the time for sealing the soil was not long, it further led to its existence in the literature and The "absence" on the nearby epitaph?

This is my guess. The answer is still pending for rigorous archaeologists. There are many possibilities.

Who is the suffering of the Lord?

To solve these questions, the identity of the owner of the tomb is critical. Archaeologists speculated that the tomb owner was most likely to be the emperor of the Northern Wei Dynasty, the Emperor of the Northern Wei Dynasty, who was reigned between AD 531 and 532.

After the Northern Wei Dynasty moved to Luoyang, it was only six or seven emperors, because there was no cultural relic that directly proved the identity of the tomb. Scholars used the exclusion method.

In 494 AD, Emperor Xiaowen officially moved the capital from Pingcheng (Datong, Shanxi Province) to Luoyang. Later, in 534 AD, the Northern Wei split into Eastern Wei and Western Wei, and Luoyang was always the capital of Wei. During this period, the three-year-old youngster of the Yellow River, who was enshrined by the righteous leader, Zhu Zuoren, was removed from his mouth and was buried in Luoyang. Yuanxiao, Xiaozhuang Emperor Yuanzi, Changguang Wang Yuanzhang and Festival Emperor Yuangong.

The top four graveyards have been confirmed for the last six or seventy years, and only the remains of Yuan Zhen and Yuan Yuan are unknown.

Dr. Bin Liu said that taking into account the larger scale of the tombs, the longer construction time, and the signs of repairs after the collapse of the tomb walls, the Hengshan North Road tomb should be prepared in advance. This is a legitimate and precedent, and Xiaowen Emperor once pre-built himself the “Wannian Church” in Datong. As a result, he later moved to the capital and did not use it at all.

According to historical sources, Yuan Zhen was established in December 530 by the righteous leaders such as Zhu Zhao and others. In April 531, he was dismantled as the king of the East China Sea. In 532, he was given the death of Xiao Wudi, the last emperor of the Northern Wei Dynasty. Yuan Gong was founded by the Zhu Xi Fei Yuan and was killed in 532 by the famous hero of the Northern Dynasties.

The time spent in Yuanxiao is extremely short and there is no way to build enough to build the tombs in advance. Yuan Gong has been in office for 1 year and 3 months. This is possible. And even though his historical records have never mentioned his mausoleum, there was a sentence in the eleventh year of the “Wei Shu” volume of the Eleventh Imperial Order. After Yuan Gong’s death, “the Emperor of Emperor Xiaowu (Xiaowu Emperor)” went to the meeting. Hong Yu mourned funerals and buried Wang Li..."

Yuan Gong was buried by Emperor Xiaowu himself and “buried with Wang Li”. It was determined that the specification of Yuan Gong’s tomb must be the Mausoleum.

At the end of the Northern Wei Dynasty, Xiaowu Emperor fled to Guanzhong and died there. The Eastern Wei and Western Wei of the split, the capitals were the Yi (now Linyi, Hebei) and Chang'an. No emperor was buried in Luoyang.

Therefore, the archaeologists found and found that there is only one “candidate tomb” in Hengshan North Road Cemetery, which is Yuan Gong.

If the owner of the tomb is Emperor Yu Yuangong, Luoyang Beiwei Mausoleum also coincides with the Chinese ancient Zhaomu system in terms of layout. The Changling Mausoleum of Emperor Xiaowen occupies the ancestral position and the three generations of his grandchildren burial around Changling. Xuanwu Emperor (Jingling), Xiaozhuang Emperor (Jingling), and Jishou Emperor are three generations of family members. They were placed together, arranged roughly, and occupied Mu position together. Xuanwu Emperor was the oldest, and it was the relationship between Xiaowen Emperor and Emperor Xuanwu. The closest, northward; thrifty emperor followed, in the middle, Xiaozhuang emperor minimum, southerly.

Dr. Bin Liu believes that this kind of positional relationship also contradicts the burial of the tomb, only to save the emperor but not others.

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