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Excerpts from news.nd.edu:
Scientists at the University of Notre Dame are launching a new independent study to examine the presence of harmful chemicals in firefighter turnout gear, following initial tests that found high levels of fluorine. The research comes after concerns have been raised about the long-term health effects of these substances.
Graham Peaslee, a professor of experimental nuclear physics at the university, led the first round of testing on fabric samples from unused protective gear. His lab used advanced techniques to detect perfluorinated alkyl substances (PFASs), a group of chemicals known for their persistence in the environment and potential health risks.
"The results were shocking — the fluorine levels were off the charts in nearly all samples," Peaslee said. "It was clear that these materials were heavily treated with PFASs." Now, he is expanding the study to include both new and used gear from the 2000s, including jackets, pants, and undershirts that have either never been used or have been in service for over a decade.
PFASs have been linked to several serious health issues, including certain cancers, thyroid disorders, and low birthweight. These chemicals are commonly found in stain-resistant products, nonstick cookware, and even fast-food packaging. In 2017, Peaslee was part of a team that discovered PFASs in fast-food wrappers, sparking further concern about their widespread use.
Aqueous film-forming foam, often used in firefighting, also contains PFASs. This has led to water contamination in some areas, such as parts of Michigan, where communities have traced pollution back to fire suppression efforts. In response, some fire departments are now seeking alternatives to PFAS-based foams. The U.S. Air Force began phasing out these foams in 2016, completing the switch by 2017.
To analyze the gear, Peaslee’s lab uses a unique technique called particle-induced gamma-ray emission spectroscopy. It’s a cost-effective and efficient way to measure total fluorine content. For this study, he and his students will test how much of the chemical remains on the fabric over time and under different conditions like washing, heat, and light exposure.
"We want to see if the fluorine leaches off the gear during regular use," Peaslee explained. "We'll test the water from washes and expose fabric samples to heat and light to see if the chemical bonds break down. If they do, it could mean more PFASs are entering the environment."
The persistence of PFASs in the environment is a major concern. These chemicals don’t break down easily and can remain in soil, water, and even human bodies for years. While scientists haven’t yet confirmed whether PFASs can be absorbed through the skin, Peaslee co-authored a 2017 study showing that certain types of PFASs can accumulate in organs like the brain and stomach in animal models.
"If we find that the fluorine is transferring into the environment, that would be a big deal," Peaslee said. "Firefighters work in these environments every day, and they live in them too. This study is important to understand the full impact of these chemicals."
So far, Peaslee has conducted the research on a pro bono basis, driven by a commitment to public safety and environmental health.
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