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The main equipment of the zinc electrowinning workshop are: electric accumulator, cathode, anode, stripping machine, electro-hydraulic cooling equipment.
The electric accumulator for the zinc accumulator of the electric gun is a rectangular trough. The electric storage tank is generally 2 to 5 m long, 0.8 to 1.2 m wide, and 1 to 2.5 m deep. The size of the trough is usually determined by the scale of production, the degree of mechanization, the selected current density, and the distance between the poles. The groove width and groove depth are also determined by the cathode area. The number of deads depends on the size of the trough, the chosen electrical parameters and the productivity of the shop. In order to ensure the normal circulation of the electric effluent, the distance from the edge of the pole to the groove wall is generally 60 to 100 mm. The depth of the groove is considered from the bottom edge of the cathode to the bottom of the groove of 400 to 500 mm, so that the anode mud is calmly deposited on the bottom of the groove. The number of cathode chips charged in the electro- effusion is between 12 and 100 pieces, and the anode and the anode are hung on the conductive plate.
Electrolytic Zinc Plant pine wood often used in the past electrodeposition tank, lined with a thickness of about 3mm skin of pure lead. However, such an electric accumulator is easily deformed, is afraid of erosion, has a large amount of leakage, and has a short service life. Today's electric zinc plants generally use prefabricated reinforced concrete rectangular troughs with overflow weirs and overflows at the outlet end. Anti-corrosion lining materials are lead, soft polyvinyl chloride plastic, epoxy resin and so on. The advantage of the lead lining is that the construction is easy and the repair is convenient, but it consumes a large amount of lead, especially the small amount of lead dissolved, which will affect the quality of the precipitated zinc. Therefore, it has gradually changed to soft plastic or epoxy resin for lining. It has strong anti-corrosion performance and good insulation performance, which can reduce the lead content of cathode zinc. At present, the epoxy resin lining commonly used in China has a service life of about 5 years. In order to solve the problem that reinforced concrete is difficult to replace after being eroded by electrowinning liquid, and construction and maintenance are difficult, some electric zinc plants have promoted the use of a single integral electric frit made of FRP or polypropylene plastic. The utility model has the advantages of light weight, good insulation performance, convenient maintenance, repairing after damage, and good strength and long service life after repairing. The disadvantage is that the investment is large.
The anode anode consists of a plate, a conductive rod and an insulating sleeve, as shown in the following figure. The anode material is generally lead-silver (silver content of 1%) alloy plate, two plates calendering and casting. The calendered sheet has high strength and long service life, and has less zinc contamination on the cathode; the cast sheet is convenient to manufacture and lighter. The plate surface can be divided into a flat plate type and a grid type. The grid type can increase the anode area, thereby reducing the anode current density, and the weight of the board is reduced, but the strength is slightly poor. The commonly used plates are grid-type plates. In order to reduce the deformation of the anode, a perforated anode has recently appeared.
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Lead-silver alloy anodes are used, and there are still disadvantages such as an increase in the oxygen deposition potential of the anode, a rise in the tank voltage due to mechanical wear and chemical corrosion, and lead cathode contamination by lead. In order to improve the quality of precipitated zinc and anode life, and save energy, many studies have been conducted on the selection of anode materials for many years. It is more successful to add calcium (<1%) to lead-silver alloys. The addition of calcium reduces the oxygen overpressure and promotes the conversion of the anode surface from loose α- Pb0 2 to dense β- Pb0 2 . Kazakhstan's Shymkent Electric Zinc Plant uses 0.5% Ag+1%Tl+0.1% Ca+Pb alloy anode to reduce cathode zinc lead. In recent years, China's Huludao, Shenyang and other electric zinc plants have tried Pb-Ca-Sr-Ag and Pb-Ca-Ag alloy anodes, and their Ag content is only 0.2% to 0.3%, which can save Ag dosage and reduce anode cost. Moreover, the amount of SrC0 3 can be saved and the cell pressure can be reduced during the electrowinning process. However, when the anode is recovered, the loss of calcium and silver is large, and the plate is bent for a long time, which is difficult to recover and needs further study. In the former Soviet Union, a ternary alloy lead anode containing Thl.78% and Ag 0.53% to 1.04% was tested and found to be the most resistant to corrosion under industrial electrowinning conditions. Japanese patent introduction uses a titanium- manganese alloy plate containing Ti of 1% to 10% as an anode, and a dense MnO 2 film is deposited on the surface of the anode during electrowinning, so that the anode is not completely insoluble, thereby improving the cathode zinc. The quality, while also improving the electrode index, the cell voltage is reduced, the current density is 1% higher than the lead anode, and the titanium alloy anode has the advantages of light weight and high strength. The Zhuzhou Smelter has also conducted industrial trials of energy-saving titanium anodes.
The cathode cathode is composed of a plate, a conductive rod, a conductive sheet, a lifting ring and an insulating strip. Plate is a pure aluminum sheet. The cathode is generally 1020 mm long, 600 to 900 mm wide, and 3 to 5 mm thick. The conductive rods are cast from aluminum and combined with plate casting in a special mold during casting. The surface of the cathode is required to be smooth and flat, otherwise it will cause coarse deposition of zinc and uneven crystallization. In order to reduce the formation of dendrites at the edge of the cathode, the cathode is slightly larger than the anode. The conductive rods are screwed to the conductive heads and can also be riveted or welded. The contact resistance of the soldering contact is lower than that of the screw connection. Conductive head generally made with thick purple copper plate of 5 ~ 6mm. In order to prevent the short circuit between the anode and the cathode and the precipitation of zinc around the cathode, it is difficult to strip the zinc, and the edges of the cathode plate are respectively filled with polyvinyl chloride or polypropylene plastic strips. Bonded to the plate at softening temperature, the bonding quality is good, and the service life can reach 3 to 4 months. If the plastic strip falls off, it can be returned and bonded once.
Due to the application of stripping machine and electronic computer, the cathode size has been restricted by human height and physical strength, so a large-scale cathode automated zinc electrowinning workshop has emerged. At present, there are more than 10 large-scale cathode automated electrowinning workshops abroad, with an annual production capacity of more than 100 × 104t. The large cathode (2.3m 2 / piece) or super large cathode (3.2m 2 / piece) electrowinning workshop with mechanized automation is also put into operation at the Barron plant in Belgium, with an investment of 20% less than the manual operation of the electric workshop. ~40%. The labor force is reduced to 1/2 to 2/3 of manual operation, and the production capacity is increased by 3 to 5 times. The electric accumulator is also changed to a reinforced concrete prestressed parallel structure, a large electric accumulator with a length of about 10 m, and the number of cathodes per trough is as high as 100 pieces. The Abbie Zinc Plant in France has adopted a large cathode of 3.22m 2 , with a total of 124 pieces of cathodes per tank, which has lower investment and labor consumption.
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