0 Introduction An ideal machining program should not only ensure that qualified workpieces conform to the drawings but also enable the proper application and full play of the functions of the CNC machine tools. CNC machine tools are a kind of high-efficiency automation equipment. Its efficiency is 2 to 3 times higher than that of ordinary machine tools. To make full use of this feature of CNC machine tools, it is necessary to perform process analysis on the parts before programming, and to select the economy according to specific conditions. Reasonable process plan. The poor consideration of CNC machining process is an important factor influencing the quality, production efficiency and processing cost of CNC machine tools. This article starts from the production practice, discusses and summarizes some of the technological issues in the process of CNC turning. 1 The division of numerical control machining processes In the numerical control machine tool processes the parts, the work procedure is more concentrated, one clamping should complete all processes as far as possible, the commonly used procedure division principle has the following two kinds. The principle of guaranteeing accuracy CNC machining has the conditions of process concentration. Rough and finish machining are often completed in one clamping to ensure the machining accuracy of the part. When the thermal deformation and cutting force deformation affect the machining accuracy of the part, the rough , finishing processing separately. The principle of improving production efficiency In numerical control machining, in order to reduce the number of tool changes and save time for tool change, all the machining parts that need to be machined with the same tool should be completed, and then another tool should be used to process other parts. At the same time, the idle stroke should be minimized. When machining multiple parts of the workpiece with the same knife, the shortest route should be used to reach each processing part. In actual production, CNC machining often divides the process according to the tool or machining surface. 2 Selection of lathe cutter location In NC machining, the NC program should describe the trajectory of the cutter relative to the workpiece. In CNC turning, the formation of the workpiece surface depends on the position and shape of the moving blade envelope, but in programming, it is sufficient to describe the trajectory of a selected point on the tool system. The tool location of the tool is the point on the tool that represents the location of the tool when programming, and the machining path described by the program is the path of the point. In CNC turning, theoretically, any point on the tool can be selected as a tool location, but in order to facilitate programming and ensure machining accuracy, the selection of tool location has certain requirements and skills. In NC machining, the selection of the tool location generally follows the following rules: The end mill should be the intersection of the tool axis and the underside of the tool: The ball end mill is the center of the ball: The drill should be the drill point: The turning tool should be hypothetical The center of the tool nose or tool tip arc should be noted when selecting: Select the point on the tool that can be directly measured. The tool point and the measurement point when the tool length is preset should be as consistent as possible: When possible, The location of the tool location should be directly related to the higher-precision dimensions or difficult-to-measure dimensions: The selected tool location allows the tool limit position to be directly reflected in the program's movement instructions: The programmer should have a custom tool location The selection method should not be changed: The selected tool location should be marked with a graphic in the tool adjustment diagram.
Fig. 1 Selection of end slot knife location
Figure 2 The end position of the tool during the layer cutting
Figure 3 Equivalent knife cutting test
When the end slotted knife shown in Fig. 1 uses the tool presetting tool to calibrate the tool, measuring P1 is easier than measuring P2, so selecting P1 as the tool location is better than P2, but if the tool position adjustment and compensation is based on the test cut Determined by the method, and the processing precision of the ring groove small circle is higher than the big circle accuracy, then select P2 as the tool point is better than P1. 3 End position of cutting tool in layered cutting When the machining allowance of an outer round surface is more than required to be stratified by multiple cuttings, it is necessary to pay attention to preventing sudden increase in the amount of backing knife when the knife is moved to the end point. . As shown in Fig. 2, a tool with a 90° declination angle is used for laminating the outer circle. A reasonable arrangement should be that the cutting end point of each knife is advanced by a small distance e (e=0.05). If e = 0, that is, each knife terminates in the same axial position, the main cutting edge of the turning tool may be subjected to an instantaneous heavy load. For example, when the layers are cut at the end position, the layers are retracted, which helps to prolong the service life of the roughing tools. 4 "Knife" when the tool to determine the value of the compensation for thin-walled workpieces, especially hard-to-cut materials, thin-walled workpieces, cutting "make the knife" phenomenon is serious, resulting in turning the workpiece size changes, usually the outer circle becomes larger, Inner hole becomes smaller. "Let the knife" is mainly caused by the elastic deformation when the workpiece is processed. The degree of "letting the knife" is closely related to the amount of the back knife when cutting. Using the "back-to-back knife depth method", use the tool compensation value as a small-scale adjustment to reduce the effect of "letting a knife" on the machining accuracy. As shown in Fig. 3, the outer circle size to be processed is A, and the double-side margin is 2t. For trial cutting, half of t value is taken as the back-side cutting amount during cutting, and the trial cutting is performed on the entire length of the surface. After the trial cutting, the program is arranged to stop and measure whether the size of the outer circle is equal to A+t. The error size adjusts the tool offset value of the tool and then continues the program to complete the finishing pass. Since the finishing machining process and the trial cutting process use the same amount of backing tool and the same cutting speed and feed rate, the cutting resistance is the same, and the corresponding elastic deformation of the workpiece is the same. The input tool compensation value just cancels out the “letting toolâ€. The resulting deformation ensures the dimensional accuracy of the turned workpiece. 5 Chip breaking during turning CNC turning is automatic machining. If the chip breaking performance of the tool is too bad, it will seriously hinder the normal processing. In order to solve this problem, firstly, the chip breaking performance of the tool itself should be improved as much as possible. Secondly, the cutting amount of the tool should be reasonably selected so as to avoid producing strip-shaped chips that impede the normal processing. In CNC turning, the most ideal cuttings are spiral-shaped chips with a length of 50 to 150 mm, small diameter, or pagoda-shaped chips, which can be regularly removed in a certain direction to facilitate collection and removal. If the chip breaking is not ideal, a pause may be arranged in the program if necessary to force chip breaking: the chip breaker table may also be used to enhance the chip breaking effect. When using an upper-pressure machine-mounted indexable insert, a pressure plate can be used to simultaneously press the chip-breaking table and the insert together. When the inner hole is used, the chip-down face cutting method can be used to improve chip removal. 6 Selectable indexable cutter blade shape Compared with ordinary machine tool processing methods, numerical control machining imposes higher requirements on the tool, which not only requires good rigidity and high precision, but also requires dimensional stability, high durability, chip breaking and chip removal Good performance: At the same time requires easy installation and adjustment, so as to meet the high efficiency requirements of CNC machine tools. The tools selected for CNC machine tools are often used for high-speed cutting tool materials (such as high-speed steel, ultra-fine grained carbide) and use indexable inserts. In CNC turning, the machine tool clamping indexable tool is widely used. It is an important means to increase the productivity of CNC machining and ensure the product quality. There are a large variety of turning tool inserts, the most widely used are diamond-shaped inserts, followed by triangular inserts, circular inserts and grooving inserts. There are three types of diamond blades, 80°, 55° and 35°, depending on their acute diamond shape. The angle of the 80° diamond blade tip is moderate, the blade not only has good strength, heat dissipation and durability, but also can be assembled into a tool with a main declination angle slightly larger than 90°. It is used for the end face, outer circle, inner hole and step. Processing. At the same time, this kind of insert has good clamping performance, and can be positioned on the bottom surface of the insert and the adjacent two sides of the non-cutting position with an angle of 80°. The positioning method is reliable, and the position accuracy of the cutting edge is only the dimensional accuracy of the insert itself. Relevant, higher accuracy of indexing, suitable for CNC turning. 35° diamond inserts are used for turning complex shapes or excavating trenches because of their small tool nose angle and less interference. 7 Grooves with deeper cutting path are often processed by grooving tools on CNC lathes. If the tool width is equal to the width of the groove to be machined, then the grooving tool will have a grooving position, if a narrow groove is used. Knife processing a wide groove, it should be divided into multiple cuts. Reasonable cutting course is: cut the middle first, then cut left and right. Because the fillet radius on both sides of the blade is usually smaller than the fillet radius of the bottom of the workpiece groove and the side wall, when the knife is cut to the left and right, when the tool approaches the bottom of the groove, an arc needs to be taken. If the middle knife does not cut ahead, it will not be able to create the necessary conditions for the two arcs of the pass. Even if the fillet radius on both sides of the cutting edge is the same as the fillet radius on both sides of the bottom of the workpiece groove, it is better to use a middle cutting knife. When the knife is cut, the load on both sides of the cutting edge is equal. The two blades behind are the same. The left side of the load, one knife is the right side of the load, the tool wear is still uniform. Machine-cutter grooving cutters are not suitable for arranging cross-cutting cutters. They should only be cut straight. 8 Summary The NC machining program is the commanding document of the CNC machine tool. The CNC machine tool is controlled by the program instructions. The whole process of machining is performed automatically according to the program instructions. The NC machining program not only includes the part's technological process, but also includes the cutting amount and the The course of the knife, the size of the tool, the movement process of the machine tool, and the process of numerical control machining are more detailed. The quality of the process plan directly affects the efficiency of the machine tool and the quality of the part machining. Special attention should be paid to the actual production.
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