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1 World Copper Resources
The global copper resources are abundant. According to the US Geological Survey (USGS, 2010~2012), the global terrestrial copper resources exceed 3 billion tons, and the copper resources in deep sea mine nodules are about 700 million tons. The types of copper deposits are mainly porphyry type, sand shale type, volcanic block sulphide type, magmatic copper- nickel sulfide type, iron oxide copper- gold type (IOCG), skarn type, vein type, etc. The four categories accounted for 55.3%, 29.2%, 8.8%, and 3.l% of the world's reserves, respectively, accounting for 96.4% of the world's total reserves.
In terms of regional distribution, there are five regions with the most abundant copper reserves in the world: (1) the western Andes in Peru and Chile in South America; (2) Los Angeles and Dagu Valley in the western United States; (3) Africa Congo (Kinshasa) and Zambia; (4) Kazakhstan; (5) Central and Eastern Canada.
Global copper resources are more concentrated, of which about 50% are distributed in the Americas. From the perspective of national distribution, the world's copper resources are mainly concentrated in Chile, Peru, Australia and other countries. As of 2011, global copper reserves are about 690 million tons. Chile is the world's richest copper resource. In 2011, proven reserves reached 190 million tons, accounting for 28% of global reserves; Peru's proven reserves of 90 million tons, accounting for 13% of global reserves, ranking second; Australia Proved reserves of 86 million tons, accounting for 12% of global reserves, ranking third; China's proven reserves of 30 million tons, accounting for 4% of global reserves, ranking sixth. In addition, Indonesia, Poland, Zambia, Kazakhstan, Canada, Mongolia, the Philippines and other countries also have rich copper resources. Figure 8-1 is a schematic diagram showing the proportion of proven reserves and reserves in each country in the world's copper resources.
In the past decade, the global copper resource reserves have grown rapidly, from 340 million tons in 2001 to 690 million tons in 2011, an increase of 102.9%. The major copper resource countries have varying degrees of growth, with Chile, Peru and Australia being the most prominent, growing to 1.16, 4.7 and 8.6 times respectively (USGS, 2001, 2011).
In the second half of the 20th century, due to the emergence of large-tonnage mining and transportation machinery and the development of hydrometallurgical technology, the economic exploitation of copper mines has been greatly reduced, especially for porphyries with a reserve of tens of millions of tons but less than 1%. Type copper ore has become the main target of exploration and development. According to the Swedish Raw Materials Group (RMG), the output of porphyry copper mines accounts for 34% of the total global copper mine production: in 1975, it was 34%, in 1988 it was 47%, and in 1998 it reached 62%. %; By 2010, the world's top ten copper mines are almost all porphyry copper mines. However, the result is a decline in the average copper grade of copper mines. In 2000, the average copper grade of the world copper mine was 0.85%, and it fell to o.77% in 2008. The reduction in economic mining grades has greatly increased copper reserves.
2 China's copper resources
In recent years, with the implementation of China's new round of land and resources surveys, the state has strengthened its investment in copper resource exploration. Copper exploration has made great progress and many new copper deposits have been discovered. According to statistics, China's copper resources have increased from 69.17 million tons in 2001 to 80.41 million tons in 2010, an increase of 16.2%. However, due to the rapid increase in production, the subsequent commercial mineral exploration work lags behind, resulting in the decline of China's copper reserves from 19.42 million tons in 2001 to 10.97 million tons in 2010, a decline of 43.5%. By the end of 2011, 1,793 copper mines were identified in China, and the resources were identified as 86.122 million tons, of which the basic reserves were 28.124 million tons, and the accumulated resources were 111 million tons. In 2011, the identified resources of copper mines increased by 7.618 million tons.
The national copper reserves are mainly concentrated in the eastern provinces, and only the three provinces of Jiangxi, Anhui and Heilongjiang account for 44% of China's copper reserves. The copper resources are mainly concentrated in the west, and the copper resources in the four provinces of Tibet, Yunnan, Xinjiang and Inner Mongolia account for 52.8% of the total copper resources in the country.
The status quo of China's copper resources is as follows: (1) There are many poor mines and few rich mines. Among the identified resources of copper in 2010, the rich ore with copper content greater than 1% only accounts for 21%; if it is based on the basic reserves, the rich ore with copper content greater than 1% accounts for 24%; The copper-rich ore with a content greater than 1% is also only 39%. (2) Copper resources are guaranteed to a low degree. Although copper has identified a large amount of resources, its reserves are insufficient. Copper reserves account for only 13.6% of copper resources, and the level of reserves is low. Since the beginning of the 21st century, China's copper mine reserves and production ratio has plummeted. According to the current reserve and domestic copper concentrate production, the reserve-production ratio in 2005 was 21.38, which fell to 13.99 in 2009 and was lower at 8.64 in 2010. (3) The development and utilization of copper mines in China is relatively high, but the reserve bases with better conditions are seriously inadequate. Among the existing identified copper resources, 48.1% have been developed and utilized, and 39.8% can be planned and utilized. In terms of basic reserves, 65% have been developed and utilized, and only 20% can be planned and utilized. Although the exploration in the western region has made great progress, the degree of exploration is insufficient, the infrastructure is weak, the ecological environment is fragile, and the development and utilization is difficult. It is difficult to improve the guarantee level of China's copper resources in the short term.
3 recycled copper resources
Scrap copper is an important raw material for smelting copper. Since the continuous increase in copper prices in 2003, the utilization rate of scrap copper in the world has been increasing year by year. Scrap copper has been used as a raw material to fill the gap of copper. There are two main types of scrap copper supply. The first category is new scrap copper, mainly scraps and scraps generated during the processing of copper. Usually, copper processing enterprises will directly return to the furnace; the other is old scrap copper, mainly copper resources that are discarded after use, usually recyclers. After being recycled from used buildings and vehicles, they are collected and processed by copper processing companies. In the recycling of scrap copper, usually 1/3 is formed in the form of refined copper and 2/3 is reused in the form of a copper alloy. Waste copper recycling and recycling has the advantages of simple process and equipment, high recovery rate, energy saving and low cost. It is estimated that primary and processing as compared to copper metal, copper regeneration energy per 1t production 1054kg standard coal, water 395m3, 380T reducing solid waste, to reduce sulfur dioxide emissions 0.137t.
In 2012, the global production of reclaimed copper was 3.266 million tons, accounting for 15.93% of the world's total refined copper production; the direct application of scrap copper was 3,264,100 tons. The direct application of scrap copper in the United States, Japan and Italy is the total global application. 27.21%, 25.95% and 14.78%.
The utilization rate of scrap copper reflects the level of copper processing in a country. At present, the utilization rate of scrap copper in China is still not high, and it is still relatively backward in terms of energy conservation and environmental protection. In the past few years, the average annual growth rate of China's recycled copper production was 18.7%, while the average annual growth rate of refined copper was 12.9%, and the growth rate of recycled copper production exceeded the refined copper by 6 percentage points. From 2006 to 2013, the ratio of refined copper and recycled copper production and recycled copper to total copper production in China is shown in Figure 8-2. The proportion of recycled copper in China's total copper production reached a peak of 38.5% in 2010.
Like copper concentrate, waste copper is one of the two main raw materials for the production of cathode copper, and China's dependence on foreign countries is very high. Due to the limited production of domestic waste steel, it still relies mainly on imports to meet the demand for domestic waste copper. According to customs statistics, in 2011, the amount of imported waste copper was about 5.75 million tons, and the feed amount was about 1.43 million tons, about 50% of the total amount of waste copper resources in China in that year. In the six years from 2005 to 2011, China's imports of scrap copper increased by about 1 million tons of physical quantity, but the proportion of imported scrap copper accounted for the total amount of domestic scrap copper resources fell from 70% to 50%. It can be foreseen that the trend of China's waste copper resources development is that the proportion of imported scrap copper has decreased year by year, and the proportion of scrap copper generated in China has increased year by year.
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