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Autumn cabbage is one of the key vegetable varieties in the city during the fall season and plays a vital role in boosting farmers' income. Growing high-quality autumn cabbage is not only economically important but also essential for meeting market demands and ensuring sustainable farming practices.
To achieve better results, farmers should plan their planting schedules strategically to stagger harvest times. For example, in areas where late-maturing varieties like Beijing No. 3 are commonly grown, the peak market time often falls around early November. This leads to a short window for selling, making it difficult to secure good profits. Additionally, consumer habits have changed—people used to buy in bulk and store, but now they prefer small, frequent purchases. To adapt, farmers can consider harvesting earlier, such as from late October, to take advantage of higher prices in the morning markets. Although yields may be slightly lower, the increased profit margin makes this approach more profitable. In the later stages, proper storage can help spread out sales and align with market demand, thus maximizing returns.
Another effective strategy is to diversify the types of cabbage planted to meet varying market needs. Farmers who have direct marketing channels or access to boutique packaging can grow specialty varieties, such as the orange-red cabbage developed by the Beijing Vegetable Research Center. These unique cabbages can be marketed as seasonal delicacies, adding value and attracting premium prices.
In addition, adopting pollution-free production techniques is crucial for maintaining the nutritional quality and safety of the cabbage. Overuse of chemical fertilizers and pesticides has raised concerns about food safety. Therefore, it's important to use these inputs wisely and focus on producing high-quality, healthy vegetables that meet modern consumer expectations.
High-quality and high-yield autumn cabbage cultivation involves several key steps:
1. **Choose disease-resistant varieties** such as Beijing New No. 3, Jingqiu No. 1, Zhongbai No. 2, and Zhongbai No. 4, which are known for their resilience and yield potential.
2. **Prepare the field thoroughly** and apply full base fertilizer. Based on soil fertility standards in the Beijing suburbs, most open fields have low fertility. It’s recommended to use 5,000 kg of high-quality organic fertilizer per mu, along with 25 kg of diammonium phosphate, 15 kg of potassium fertilizer, or 50 kg of compound fertilizer.
3. **Sow at the right time**—in Beijing, the ideal sowing period is between August 3rd and August 8th. Before sowing, seeds should be treated with insecticides like Caifengning or Rhizoctonia to prevent diseases.
4. **Plant properly**, using small sorghum as a support. Sorghum should not exceed 20 meters in length, and squat-type varieties with four or six rows are ideal for watering and pest control. Ridge planting is also an option for certain cultivars.
5. **Plant seedlings at the right density**. In late August, seedlings should be set out. Beijing New No. 3 and Jingqiu No. 1 require 1,800–2,000 plants per mu, while Zhongbai No. 2 and Zhongbai No. 4 need 2,000–2,200 plants per mu.
6. **Manage seedlings carefully**. The "three-water seedling" method is recommended, followed by five waterings before transplanting. Pest control should be done promptly using bio-pesticides like bio-soap or beta-cypermethrin EC to avoid chemical residues.
7. **Monitor the rosette stage** closely. Seedlings usually take 10–20 days to develop, with about 22 leaves. At this point, apply 20 kg of urea or 50 kg of ammonium sulfate, then water and cultivate the soil to promote growth. Continue controlling aphids, cabbage caterpillars, downy mildew, and black spot.
8. **Strengthen management during the heading phase**. Focus on proper fertilization and pest control. Avoid applying all fertilizer at once; instead, use staged top-dressing to prevent nutrient deficiency and over-fertilization. Also, ensure that pests like aphids are controlled effectively throughout the growing season.
9. **Water regularly**, starting with small amounts and then every 7 days. Stop watering 7 days before harvest to improve quality.
10. **Apply heart-charging manure** during the early filling stage (late September to early October), using 25 kg of urea to support head development. Throughout the growing season, top-dressing should follow a ratio of 1:3:4:2 for the seedling, rosette, early ball, and mid-ball stages, respectively. A total of 70–100 kg of ammonium sulfate per mu is recommended.
By following these techniques, farmers can significantly improve both the quality and yield of their autumn cabbage, ensuring long-term profitability and sustainability.
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